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About this study
WW1, background, aftermath
October Revolution in Russia - a watershed event - background
WW2 / The Great Patriotic War
- - WW2 chronology - main events
- - Rhineland, Anschluß, Munich
- - Molotov / Ribbentrop pact 23 Aug, 1939
- - "Four Freedoms" speech 6 Jan, 1941
- - Atlantic Charter 14 Aug, 1941 / UN Declaration 1 Jan, 1942
- - The Great Patriotic War
- • Siege of Leningrad
- • Battle of Moscow
- • Battles of Rzhev
- • Battle of Stalingrad / Don offensive
- • Battle of Kursk
- • Dnieper, Kiev, Carpatians, Balkan
- • Operation Bagration 22 Jun 1944
- • Vistula to Oder, 12 Jan - 2 Feb 1945
- • To Berlin, 16 Apr 1945
- • Partisan warfare
- • The Red Army
- - Pearl Harbor 7 Dec, 1941
- - FDR, his advisors
- - FDR: U.N. -- IMF -- World Bank
- - "Big Three": US / Soviet Union / UK
- - Land-Lease Aid to USSR
- - Moscow conferences, 1941-42-43
- - Tehran conference, 28 Nov - 1 Dec, 1943
- - European Advisory Commission (EAC)
- - Air bases Ukraine 1944
- - Yalta conference, 4 - 11 Feb, 1945
- - 12 Apr 1945: FDR dies, policy changes
- - Potsdam conference 17 Jul - 2 Aug, 1945
- - Soviet Union, war on Japan 9 Aug 1945
- - "Cambridge Five", their impact
- - O.S.S., its significance
- - "Quincy Agreement" 14 Feb, 1945
- - Manhattan Project / A-bomb
- - Path leading to Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- - Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials
Cold War origins and start phase
- - Asia 1945: "In the Ruins of Empire"
- - Polish question
- - German question
- - Allan Dulles, Bern 1945 /"Stierlitz"
- - "Operation Unthinkable"
- - Hopkins in Moscow, June 1945
- - Stimson's Memo 11 Sep, 1945
- - Council of Foreign Ministers
- - Stalin's speech 9 Feb, 1946
- - Kennan's 'Long Telegram' Feb 1946 / X-article 1947
- - 'Iron Curtain' speech 5 Mar, 1946
- - Rotblat / Pugwash / Russel-Einstein
- - Acheson–Lilienthal Rpt, Mar 1946 / Baruch Plan, Jun 1946
- - H. Wallace, letter to Truman, Jul 1946
- - Stuttgart Speech 6 Sep, 1946
- - Clifford-Elsey Report 24 Sep, 1946
- - National Security Act, 1947
- - The Marshall Plan, June 1947
- - Cominform / Zhdanov Speech, 1947
- - US atomic monopoly 1945-49
- - Soviet nuclear weapons, rocket engines
- - Venona decrypts
- - Gehlen Network / "Paperclip"
- - U.S. myth of a "clean" Wehrmacht
- - NSC-68, 7 Apr, 1950
- - Korean War, 25/6-1950 – 27/7-1953
- - SAC - "Strategic Air Command"
- - "Who Lost China"
- - Schuman Declaration, 9 May 1950
- - Chronology, main events
Cold War proper
- - Eisenhower's presidencies (1953-61)
- - Iran coup 1953, long-term consequences
- - German rearmament under Adenauer
- - Nikita Khrushchev
- - Kennedy's presidency (1961-63)
- - 1960 U-2 shoot down, May 1
- - 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion, Apr 17-19
- - 1961 Berlin Crisis, Jun 4 - Nov 9
- - 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, Oct 16-28
- - Leonid Brezhnev
- - Vietnam War / "Pentagon Papers"
- - 1970s: Détente, SALT, Helsinki, Ostpolitik
- - 1980s: Strategic intelligence failure
- - Soviet Union in Afghanistan, 1979-89
- - Soviet intentions, 1965-1985
End of the Cold War
Post Cold War developments
Nuclear weapons
Misc
Edit
Last update: September 21, 2023, at 08:06 AM Version: pmwiki-2.3.22
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"That the conflict should now be formally ended is a fit occasion [..] for sober re-examination of the part we took in its origin and long continuation." Quoting George F. Kennan (who first formulated U.S. policy of containment), in "The G.O.P. Won the Cold War? Ridiculous.", New York Times, 28 Oct, 1992 (also local copy). -- An impressive document collection of his works. In the news 2023.
Was the Cold War unavoidable? If not, what were the "Roads Not Taken"? What are the decisive moments in the process leading to the Cold War? What is the result of deliberate policy decisions, and how much can be attributed to simply stumbling into problems? This study draws inspiration from such works as the Chilcot Report (officially named "The Iraq Inquiry", a British public inquiry into the nation's role in the Iraq War of 2003), or the report (PDF) of the Swiss Bergier Commission, investigating the country's WW2 past, and more recent investigations, like US GOP House interim report (PDF) published 17 Aug 2022, A Strategic Failure: Assessing the Administration's Afghanistan Withdrawal, with response from Biden administration 6 Apr, 2023 (PDF).
This web site contains only documentation that aims to facilitate further investigation into Cold War topics. It's a study, not a blog, and devoid of any social media outlet. Its title: "A Study of the Evidence" borrowed from The Fall Of The Russian Monarchy -- A Study Of The Evidence, by Bernard Pares (1939).
| 1945
| 1963: Lost opportunity
| 1972/73: Lost opportunity
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25 April, 1945, American and Soviet military met at Elbe River, at a place called Torgau. That date is later remembered as "Elbe Day". Araz Yusubov's blog provides an impressive amount of detailed information on the link-up. Details also in this article: Elbe Day: A handshake that made history''. See how is was remembered at Arlington National Cemetery, on April 23, 2010.
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"We were perhaps less conscious of Soviet concerns stemming from experience of WW II than we should have been. We were perhaps insufficiently conscious that security requirements of continental power differed from one, like ourselves, surrounded by oceans." -- Source
| Reykjavik Summit, 11-12 Oct, 1986 "We can do that. We can eliminate them." [Nuclear weapons] Does this meeting represent the end of the Cold War ...?
| 1985-91: Did Gorbachev give all and get nothing[1]..? And was he a victim of wishful thinking[2]?
| 1991-99: "The Big Bang" under Boris Yeltsin: Russia on her knees
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Click to enlarge. Source: Summit Transcripts, page 43. More information on Reykjavik Summit.
REVIEW: ‘Reagan at Reykjavik Forty-Eight Hours that Ended the Cold War’ By Ken Adelman, The Washington Post, May 9, 2014
Did Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan come within a hair's breadth of abolishing nuclear weapons, in Reykjavik, Iceland, on Sunday, Oct. 12, 1986? --- Reagan at Reykjavik -- "Ken Adelman shares his riveting firsthand account of the unexpectedly historic summit in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1986 with Reagan and Gorbachev. Originally intended as a planning meeting, negotiations led to the most sweeping nuclear arms accord in history and the end of the Cold War." -- Streamed live on Dec 9, 2014
Study the influence of Edward Teller on Reagan's belief that "Star Wars" concept would really work - the X-ray laser story: - Re. space based defense against ballistic missiles, in the 1980s, under President Reagan: THE MAN WHO BLEW THE WHISTLE ON 'STAR WARS' : Roy Woodruff's Ordeal Began When He Tried to Turn the Vision of an X-ray Laser into Reality, LA Times, July 17, 1988 --- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory - Edward Teller: Like a spoiled brat -- Freeman Dyson reminisces
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President Reagan at a Plenary meeting with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at the Soviet Mission during the Geneva Summit, 20 November, 1985. Source.
After signing the INF Treaty with President Reagan on 8 Dec 1987, Gorbachev renounced the "Brezhnev doctrine" during a meeting in Yugoslavia 14-18 Mar, 1988 --- with immense implications. In his speech to the United Nations, 8 Dec 1988, Gorbachev unilaterally declared the removal of 10,000 tanks, 8,500 artillery systems and 800 combat aircraft in the Western part of USSR and in the territories of its European allies. --- The unravelling of the Eastern European alliance, the unification of Germany, and finally, the dissolution of USSR itself then happened at an astonishing speed. In mid 1991, the warning signs of an impending collapse of USSR became evident, prompting Dr Graham Allison and Robert D. Blackwill to advocate an aid package to USSR similar to the 1947 Marshall Plan, in America's Stake in the Soviet Future - just before the coup attempt, and six months before Soviet Union ceased to exist.
Evidence seems to support the interpretation that the new fledgling Russian Federation was given special treatment since its inception, due to certain geo-strategic concepts that were prevalent at the time, as described in interview dated 30 Aug 2022 with first-hand witness, Columbia University economist Professor Jeffrey Sachs, who acted as advisor to many countries that struggled with transition from command-based economy to a more market based system (he has since been trying to clear his reputation of being architect of heartless 'shock therapy' economic practice, a concept first introduced by Naomi Klein in her book "The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism" ). He published 22 Aug 2022 the article "The West’s False Narrative about Russia and China" and here you might agree or disagree.
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Yeltsin Resignation Speech 31 Dec 1999, Turns Over Power to Vladimir Putin
"I want to ask you for forgiveness for the dreams that have not come true, and for the things that seemed easy but turned out to be so excruciatingly difficult. I am asking your forgiveness for failing to justify the hopes of those who believed me when I said that we would leap from the grey, stagnating totalitarian past into a bright, prosperous and civilized future. I believed in that dream, I believed that we would cover the distance in one leap."
Boris Yeltsin announces his unexpected resignation on 31 December 1999, to the world's surprise. The complete text of the speech, in Russian and English language.
Prof. Janine R. Wedel provided an account of what happened in Russia during the 1990s[3] , as did Anne Williamson in her testimony before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services of the United States House of Representatives, on Sep 21, 1999. -- Déjà Vu: How Today’s Western Democracies Recall Eastern Europe under Communism --- A warning from Prof. Janine R. Wedel, published April 25, 2018, among others.
Bill and Boris: A Window Into a Most Important Post-Cold War Relationship, by James Goldgeier, published in Texas University Security Review -- "The Strategist", Vol 1, Iss 4 August 2018 --- also local copy (PDF)
The political scientist Екатерина Шульман refers to the Yeltsin speech in her interview.
In 2023, an ordinary Russian summarizes Gorbachev/Yeltsin era: Gorbachev sold everything! ... The second one drank it all away! -- Source: Decaying Desolate Soviet Wasteland (could you live here?)
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[1] US diplomat Jay Moffat (1986-1943) used the same expression to characterize unfavorable US position during negotiations with the British on Land-Lease, in July 1941. [2] Examples of Gorbachev's wishful thinking. [3] Another article by Prof. Janine R. Wedel, published in "Demokratizatsiya - The Journal of Post-Soviet Demokraizatsiya", Vol. 7, No. 4, Fall 1999: Rigging the U.S.–Russian Relationship: Harvard, Chubais, and the Transidentity Game (PDF)
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